What is the difference between instructions ret and iret

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Why iret directive is used to return from an interrupt rather than ret? What is the last instruction of ISR in ? How do you abbreviate the word 'retired'?

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I would think the call instruction only pushes the return address on the stack but I could be forgetting something. And ret just jumps back to the return address and pops it off the stack though I don't know in what order? So I would think ret could be translated into an equivalant jmp to return address and pop return address of the stack i.

And to answer your original question: using interrupts is very very slow. In Pmode, it is one of only 3 ways to handle "privilege level switching" -- from usermode to kernelmode, so you may be FORCED to use it because you have no other real choice. And your code example above should work fine.

It does just what you say. In the second one why does he do 2 pops and a push instruction? Also this statement And to answer your original question: using interrupts is very very slow. Then the parameter is popped into ax to be used with the int 10h. Then the return address is pushed again, so that the ret will use it. At startup, you can only count on standard BIOS interrupts 10h through 1ah.

The discussion about speed is only relevant for code that executes many times repeatedly for example, it would be a bad idea speedwise to use the BIOS set pixel service in a loop to fill a rectangle.

If not, would someone please forward this to a better place? In order to save space, I wanted to have a few Privilege Level 0 routines available for calling from the less privileged tasks. I can tell the routine executes after the appropriate stack switch has taken place. The error code pushed is h. However, I have verified that none of these conditions have occurred.

Other GP s from the RET instruction should indicate the selector of a Privilege Level protection violation, but in my case, error code 0 is pushed. Can any of you Protected Mode gurus out there explain to me what I have done wrong?

I have been scratching my head over this one for about 4 weeks now. Thanks In Advance. Humbly Yours, Kelly M.